by Robin Collins, who is a member of Canadian Pugwash Group
Published in Peace Magazine, July-September 2023

People disagree over the primary causes of Putin’s 2022 aggression. Economist Jeffrey Sachs is one of many who believes Russian leaders saw NATO enlargement as “a central reason for the invasion.” Russians are told the expansion is a form of peacetime encirclement and will “oblige” more bordering states to respond if Russia attacks any NATO member. (NATO’s Article 5 is not an obligation but an expectation of retaliation that is legally justified in the event of aggression.)

Read the full article here: Did NATO Actions Contribute to Putin’s Decision to Invade

 

The objects of Canadian Pugwash Group are to operate exclusively as a charitable organization

1. To encourage the study of international problems and options that would promote human survival and conditions for a safer and better world;
2. To organize national conferences, symposia, workshops, meetings, lectures and studies on the foregoing subjects, and to search for findings and conclusions that are scientifically and technologically sound and feasible;
3. To create a bridge between scientists of different political and social viewpoints and nationalities by seeking a common approach based on scientific objectivity and mutual respect;
4. To inform and educate scientists, governmental and other leaders and the public about Pugwash findings and views.

July 12, 1990